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          English系列之定语从句
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        <h2 id="定语从句概述"><a href="#定语从句概述" class="headerlink" title="定语从句概述"></a>定语从句概述</h2><h3 id="形容词作定语与从句作定语比较"><a href="#形容词作定语与从句作定语比较" class="headerlink" title="形容词作定语与从句作定语比较"></a>形容词作定语与从句作定语比较</h3><p>当要表达复杂的意思时，往往需要借助于定语从句来完成，即要用定语从句来修饰某个名词或名词短语。比如当我们说“我不喜欢懒人”，这时只需要用一个形容词lazy来作定语就可以。<br>I don’t like lazy people.<br>如果要表达稍微复杂一点的意思，比如说“我不喜欢不守信用的人”，这时，简单地用形容词作定语就无能为力了，就要借助于一个句子来修饰名词，用作名词的定语，对名词进行限制。<br>I don’t like people who never keep their word.<br><img src="https://gitee.com/fengorz/oss/raw/master/uPic/KmgSIt.png" alt></p>
<h3 id="定语从句的两个重要概念：先行词和关系词"><a href="#定语从句的两个重要概念：先行词和关系词" class="headerlink" title="定语从句的两个重要概念：先行词和关系词"></a>定语从句的两个重要概念：先行词和关系词</h3><p>被定语从句所修饰的对象称为先行词。<br>重复指代先行词、起连接主句和从句的作用，并且在定语从句中充当一定成分的连接词称为关系词。<br>关系词有两个作用：</p>
<ul>
<li>代词的作用： 重复指代先行词并且在定语从句中充当一定成分。</li>
<li>连接作用：即连接主句和从句。</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="关系词在定语从句中充当的成分"><a href="#关系词在定语从句中充当的成分" class="headerlink" title="关系词在定语从句中充当的成分"></a>关系词在定语从句中充当的成分</h2><h3 id="关系词用作从句的主语"><a href="#关系词用作从句的主语" class="headerlink" title="关系词用作从句的主语"></a>关系词用作从句的主语</h3><p>比较简单句和定语从句，看看一个简单句如何变成定语从句。<br><strong><em>The woman</em></strong> is a famous dancer and she lives next door.<br>这个句中有一个“重复元素”，这里的she指代 the woman，即两句之间有一个交叉点，而通过这个交叉点建立起两句之间的联系。现在要用she lives next door来作定语修饰the woman，以告诉对方哪位女士是舞蹈演员。而在定语从句中，指代“人”的关系词要用who。<br>因此，上句可改写成：<br>The woman is a famous dancer who (=and she) lives next door.<br>这里的关系词who既取代了代词she也取代了连词and， 即who既具有代词的作用也起着连接的作用。另外，定语从句一般要紧跟在它所修饰的名词后面。因此，上一句又可进一步改写成：<br>The woman who lives next door is a famous dancer.<br>由此看到，关系词who既指代the woman，同时又在从句中作主语，而且还替换了and，起着连词的作用。<br>这位女士是一名著名的舞蹈演员，她就住在我家隔壁。</p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/fengorz/oss/raw/master/uPic/ONSgS8.png" alt><br>这里的关系词who取代and they，来引导定语从句who have a good sense of humor，修饰名词guys。<br>我喜欢有幽默感的男士。</p>
<p>在变换过程中药注意三点：</p>
<ul>
<li>用关系词who代替人称代词（如she或they）后，定语从句里就不能再保留这些代词了。比如不能说：<br>The woman who she lives next door is a famous dancer. <em><br>I like guys who they have a good sense of humor. </em></li>
<li>事实上，定语从句可以修饰一个主句当中的任何一个名词。但是，我们关注的往往是关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分，不关心定语从句是修饰主句的哪个名词。</li>
<li>定语从句的谓语动词形式是由关系词所指代的先行词来决定的，而不是取决于关系词本身。定语从句who lives next door中的who指代的woman是单数名词，故谓语用单数的lives；而定语从句who have a good sense of humor中的who指代的guys是复数名词，故谓语用复数的have。</li>
</ul>
<p>Anger is a thief who steals away the nice moments .<br>愤怒就如同一个窃贼，盗取了我们的幸福时光。<br>He who is not handsome at twenty, nor strong at thirty, nor rich at forty, nor wise at fifty , will never be handsome, strong, rich, or wise.<br>一个人若在20岁时不俊美、30岁时不健康、40岁时不富有、50岁时不明智，那么他将永远不会拥有这些。<br>There is this difference between happiness and wisdom: the person who thinks himself the happiest man really is so; but the person who thinks himself the wisest is generally the greatest fool.<br>幸福与智慧区别于此：认为自己是最幸福的，他真的就是最幸福的；而认为自己是最有智慧的，他却往往是最大的傻瓜。<br>The world is a book, and those who do not travel read only one page.<br>世界犹如一本书，而那些从不出门旅行的人仅仅读了这本书的一页。<br>Of course I am not talking about easy-come-easy-go friendship. I’m talking about friends who care deeply about each other, who support each other, who make life worth living.<br>当然了，我这里所说的友谊不是那种“来得快去得也快”的泛泛之交，而是那种彼此之间能真正互相关心的朋友，能够互相支持的朋友，能够让你的人生更有意义的朋友。</p>
<h3 id="关系词用作从句中动词的宾语"><a href="#关系词用作从句中动词的宾语" class="headerlink" title="关系词用作从句中动词的宾语"></a>关系词用作从句中动词的宾语</h3><p>关系词除了在定语从句中作主语外，还可以在从句中作宾语。而且，还可以进一步区分为从句动词的宾语和从句介词的宾语。<br><img src="https://gitee.com/fengorz/oss/raw/master/uPic/8WGhly.png" alt><br>在例句1）中，这里的him指代名词短语a friend，可以用关系词who来替代him，充当动词trust的宾语。又因为who有连词的作用，所以此时and就要去掉了，如例句2）所示。另一方面，关系词who要置于从句的开头，所以要把who移到I的前面，原句从而变成了下面的例句3）：<br>3）I’d really like to find a friend who I can trust completely.<br>我想找一个我完全能够信任的人做朋友。</p>
<p>He is the best grammar teacher who I have ever seen.<br>他是我见过的最好的语法老师。</p>
<p>It’s hard to have a friend who you can trust completely.<br>很难有一个你能完全信任的朋友。</p>
<h3 id="关系词用作从句中介词的宾语"><a href="#关系词用作从句中介词的宾语" class="headerlink" title="关系词用作从句中介词的宾语"></a>关系词用作从句中介词的宾语</h3><p><img src="https://gitee.com/fengorz/oss/raw/master/uPic/YGRKuS.png" alt><br>这里的who充当介词with的宾语。<br>我这里说的朋友，是指那些你几乎可以把一切与之分享的人。</p>
<p>I hope I never have a boss who I can’t talk to about my problems.<br>这里的who充当介词to的宾语。<br>我不希望有一个无法与其谈论我的问题的老板。</p>
<p>I’d prefer someone who I have something in common with — who I can talk to easily.<br>这里的关系词who分别充当介词with和to的宾语。<br>我喜欢那些与我有共同点的人，这样易交流。</p>
<h3 id="作宾语的关系词可以省去"><a href="#作宾语的关系词可以省去" class="headerlink" title="作宾语的关系词可以省去"></a>作宾语的关系词可以省去</h3><p>作宾语的关系词可以省去，不论关系词是作动词的宾语还是作介词的宾语都可以省去。比如以上讨论过的相关例句，可以分别改写成：<br>I’d really like to find a friend ( ) I can trust completely.<br>I hope I never have a boss ( ) I can’t talk to about my problems.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>在从句中作主语的关系词无法省去。比如不能说：</p>
</blockquote>
<p>I like guys ( ) have a good sense of humor. *</p>
<h2 id="关系代词与先行词的搭配关系"><a href="#关系代词与先行词的搭配关系" class="headerlink" title="关系代词与先行词的搭配关系"></a>关系代词与先行词的搭配关系</h2><p><img src="https://gitee.com/fengorz/oss/raw/master/uPic/gScElI.png" alt></p>
<h3 id="先行词指“人”，用关系代词who或whom"><a href="#先行词指“人”，用关系代词who或whom" class="headerlink" title="先行词指“人”，用关系代词who或whom"></a>先行词指“人”，用关系代词who或whom</h3><h3 id="who和whom的区别"><a href="#who和whom的区别" class="headerlink" title="who和whom的区别"></a>who和whom的区别</h3><ul>
<li>who的前面不能与介词搭配使用<br>因为who是主格形式，所以在介词的后面不能用who，比如不说with who<em>，而说with whom。<br>I’m talking about friends who you can share almost everything with.<br>不能说“I’m talking about friends with who you can share almost everything. </em>”。<br>而应该说“I’m talking about friends with whom you can share almost everything.”。<br>主格形式的who除了作定语从句的主语外，还可以充当定语从句的宾语或表语。</li>
<li>whom在定语从句中不能作主语，但可作宾语或表语<br>A rich person is not one who has the most, but is one who needs the least.<br>这里的who作从句的主语，所以不能用whom，不说whom has…*。<br>一个富有的人，不是因为他拥有的最多，而是因为他需要的最少。</li>
</ul>
<p>Only the people who have the patience to do simple things perfectly will acquire the skill to do difficult things easily.<br>这里的who作从句的主语，所以不能用whom，不说whom have…*。<br>只有有耐心圆满完成简单工作的人，才能够轻而易举地完成困难的事。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>总之，who可以作主语，也可以代替whom作宾语或表语，但不能用在介词后面。而因为whom是宾格形式，所以不能作主语。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="表示人或物的所有关系，用whose"><a href="#表示人或物的所有关系，用whose" class="headerlink" title="表示人或物的所有关系，用whose"></a>表示人或物的所有关系，用whose</h3><p>whose表示所有关系，其作用就如同物主代词my，your，her，his，their和our，whose的后面要接名词。whose可指人也可指物。“whose+名词”在从句中可作主语、动词的宾语或介词的宾语。<br><img src="https://gitee.com/fengorz/oss/raw/master/uPic/7KbXpL.png" alt><br>例句2）里的whose代替了例句1）里的his，指friend，即表示人。<br>我认识一个朋友，他哥哥是一名流行歌手。</p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/fengorz/oss/raw/master/uPic/FzNNnM.png" alt><br>例句2）里whose代替了例句1）里的its，指schoolroom，即表示物。<br>这些孩子就坐在窗玻璃都打破了的教室里上课。</p>
<p>When I looked through the window, I saw a girl whose beauty took my breath away.<br>这里的whose beauty作从句的主语，whose指人即a girl。<br>当我朝窗外看去，猛然看见一个美女，其美貌让我惊讶不已。</p>
<p>It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time.<br>这里的whose importance作从句动词realize的宾语，whose指物即a meeting。<br>这个会议的重要性当时我并没有意识到。</p>
<h3 id="先行词指“物”，用关系代词which"><a href="#先行词指“物”，用关系代词which" class="headerlink" title="先行词指“物”，用关系代词which"></a>先行词指“物”，用关系代词which</h3><p><img src="https://gitee.com/fengorz/oss/raw/master/uPic/z263sW.png" alt><br>这里的先行词是sentences，表示“物”，因此不能用who。要用which代替they，指代sentences，告诉对方“我们正在学习什么类型的句子”。<br>我们正在学习带有定语从句的句子。</p>
<p>关系词which所指代的先行词比较复杂，它除了可以指单个的名词外，还可以指代短语甚至是从句。</p>
<h4 id="先行词是单个的名词"><a href="#先行词是单个的名词" class="headerlink" title="先行词是单个的名词"></a>先行词是单个的名词</h4><p>Anger is a wind which blows out the lamp of the mind.<br>先行词是wind，即which指单个的名词。<br>愤怒是吹灭心灵之灯的风。</p>
<p>Perhaps it is human to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not.<br>先行词是that，即which指单个的名词。<br>或许，“不惜已获，贪求不得”是人类共同的弱点吧。</p>
<h4 id="先行词是一个短语"><a href="#先行词是一个短语" class="headerlink" title="先行词是一个短语"></a>先行词是一个短语</h4><p>which可以指代一个短语。<br>He likes climbing mountains, which is a good exercise.<br>先行词是主句中的一个动名词短语climbing mountains。<br>他喜欢爬山，这是一项很好的运动。</p>
<h4 id="先行词是一个句子"><a href="#先行词是一个句子" class="headerlink" title="先行词是一个句子"></a>先行词是一个句子</h4><p>which可以指代前面的整个句子。<br><img src="https://gitee.com/fengorz/oss/raw/master/uPic/sLf9DC.png" alt><br>汤姆迟到了，这让我很吃惊。</p>
<p>He tore up my photo, which upset me.<br>全句“he tore up my photo”作which的先行词。<br>他把我的照片给撕了，这让我很生气。</p>
<h3 id="that可以指代“人”，也可以指代“物”"><a href="#that可以指代“人”，也可以指代“物”" class="headerlink" title="that可以指代“人”，也可以指代“物”"></a>that可以指代“人”，也可以指代“物”</h3><p>关系代词that的意义和用法主要有以下三点：</p>
<ul>
<li>that既可指“人”也可指“物”，指“物”时可以替换which，指“人”时可以替换who；</li>
<li>that不用在非限制性定语从句中；</li>
<li>that不能用于介词的后面（同who一样）。</li>
</ul>
<p>Too many people spend money which they haven’t earned, to buy things which they don’t want, to impress people who they don’t like.<br>可以用that替换其中的which和who而将这句话改写成“Too many people spend money that they haven’t earned, to buy things that they don’t want, to impress people that they don’t like.”。<br>这里that的先行词有“物（money和things）”，也有“人（people）”。<br>作宾语的关系词可以省去，因此这句话也可说成“Too many people spend money ( ) they haven’t earned, to buy things ( ) they don’t want, to impress people ( ) they don’t like.”。<br>太多的人花他们还没挣到的钱，买他们不想要的东西，取悦他们不喜欢的人。</p>
<p>that与which和who在用法上的区别：</p>
<ul>
<li>先行词中同时出现“人”和“物”时，用that<br>The writer and his novels that the article deals with are quite familiar to us.<br>这里的先行词是the writer and his novels，即同时有“人（writer）”和“物（his novels）”，所以要选用that引导定语从句。<br>这篇文章里所说的这个作家以及他的小说，我们都比较熟悉。</li>
<li>先行词为指“物”的all，little，few，much，none和the first时, 用that<br>All that glitters is not gold.<br>这里的先行词是all，所以用that来引导定语从句。另外要注意的是，<strong><em>这里有一个半否定的问题：all…not要译成“并非都是”，不能译成全否定的“所有都不”。</em></strong><br>闪光的并非都是金子。<br>The book contains little that is useful.<br>这里的先行词是表示否定意义的代词little（几乎没有什么），所以用that来引导定语从句。<br>这本书里几乎没有有用的东西。<br>There is not much that can be done.<br>这里的先行词是代词much，所以用that来引导定语从句。<br>这没有什么可以做的了。<br>As long as you stand up to the difficulties, there are none that cannot be overcome.<br>这里的先行词是代词none，所以用that来引导定语从句。<br>只要你勇敢地去面对困难，就没有什么克服不了的。</li>
<li>先行词是不定代词something，anything，nothing和everything时，一般用that</li>
<li>先行词被any，only，all，every，no，some，much，few，little，序数词，形容词的最高级，the only，the one，the very，the right和the last等成分修饰时，用that<br>Tell us all things that you know.<br>把你知道的都告诉我们。<br>The very problem that I want to solve is like this.<br>我想解决的问题就像这个一样。<br>He is the only man that can speak four foreign languages in our company.<br>他是我们公司唯一一个会说四种外语的人。</li>
<li>that不用在非限制性定语从句中<br>I became a single mother overnight, which is nothing like becoming famous overnight.<br>我在一夜之间成了单亲妈妈，这跟一夜成名可完全不同。<br>不能说“I became a single mother overnight, that is nothing like becoming famous overnight. *”。</li>
<li>that不能用于介词后面<br>The world in which we live is made up of matter. 我们所生活的世界是由物质组成的。<br>或：The world which we live in is made up of matter.<br>或：The world that we live in is made up of matter.<br>但不能说“The world in that we live is made up of matter. *”。</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="关系副词的用法"><a href="#关系副词的用法" class="headerlink" title="关系副词的用法"></a>关系副词的用法</h2><h3 id="when的用法"><a href="#when的用法" class="headerlink" title="when的用法"></a>when的用法</h3><h4 id="先行词指时间"><a href="#先行词指时间" class="headerlink" title="先行词指时间"></a>先行词指时间</h4><p>when可以引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，其先行词必须是表示时间的名词，如day，year或time等。<br>I’ll never forget the day when I met you.<br>这里的先行词是表示时间的名词day，所以用when引导定语从句。when作从句的时间状语，修饰谓语动词met。<br>我永远不会忘记我们见面的那一天。</p>
<p>My favorite season is spring, when the earth seems born again.<br>这里是when引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词是表示时间的名词spring。<br>到了春天，万物复苏，所以春天是我最喜欢的季节。</p>
<p>We will put off the outing until next week, when we won’t be so busy.<br>这里是when引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词是表示时间的短语next week。<br>我们要把出游推迟到下周，到时我们就不会这么忙了。</p>
<p>The day may soon come when we don’t bother to go to office but just work at home.<br>也许在不久的将来，我们就不必去办公室上班了，而就在家里工作。</p>
<h4 id="关系副词when在从句中作时间状语"><a href="#关系副词when在从句中作时间状语" class="headerlink" title="关系副词when在从句中作时间状语"></a>关系副词when在从句中作时间状语</h4><p>when是在定语从句中作时间状语。换句话说，若定语从句不是缺少状语，而是缺少主语或宾语，那么即使先行词是表示时间的名词，也不能用when而要用which或that来引导定语从句。因为用when来引导定语从句的前提条件是：when必须在其引导的定语从句中作时间状语。<br>1） I’ll never forget the time which I spent on campus.<br>2） I’ll never forget the day when we first met in the park.<br>在例句1）中，由于定语从句中的谓语spent缺宾语，因此关系词要充当这一宾语，故要用which。<br>在例句2）中，定语从句不缺主语或宾语，而是缺少时间状语，故关系词用when，这里when作时间状语，修饰met。<br>1）我永远不会忘记在大学校园里度过的时光。<br>2）我永远不会忘记我们第一次在公园里相遇的那一天。</p>
<p>The day, which began brightly, ended with a violent storm.<br>这里的先行词是day，表示时间。由于定语从句缺少主语，所以用关系代词which引导定语从句，which作从句的主语，而不用关系副词when，因为关系副词无法作主语，只能作状语。<br>那天，开始的时候还是阳光明媚，后来就下起了暴风雨。</p>
<h3 id="where的用法"><a href="#where的用法" class="headerlink" title="where的用法"></a>where的用法</h3><h4 id="where的先行词指地点"><a href="#where的先行词指地点" class="headerlink" title="where的先行词指地点"></a>where的先行词指地点</h4><p>where引导定语从句，其先行词一般是表示地点的名词，如place和house等。<br>A: Since you work in the theater, can’t you get me a free ticket now and then?<br>B: Certainly if you bring me a few notes now and then from the bank where you work!<br>这里的先行词bank表示地点，where在从句中充当地点状语（定语从句中不缺主语或宾语），修饰work。<br>A：既然你在剧院工作，那你就不能时常给我弄些免费的票吗？<br>B：当然可以，只要你能够从你工作的那家银行里时常给我弄些票子出来。</p>
<p>This is the town where I spent my childhood.<br>这就是我度过童年的小镇。</p>
<h4 id="关系副词where在从句中作地点状语"><a href="#关系副词where在从句中作地点状语" class="headerlink" title="关系副词where在从句中作地点状语"></a>关系副词where在从句中作地点状语</h4><p>与when类似，并不是先行词是表示地点的名词时，都得由where来引导定语从句，这得看关系词在从句中充当的成分。若定语从句缺主语或宾语，则要用which或that引导定语从句。<br>1） This is the town where I spent my childhood.<br>2） This is the town which I told you about before.<br>在例句1）中，定语从句不缺少主语或宾语，而是缺少地点状语，故关系词用where。where作地点状语，修饰spent。<br>在例句2）里，由于定语从句中的谓语部分told you about缺少宾语，因此关系词要充当这一宾语，故要用which。<br>1）这就是我度过童年的小城。<br>2）这就是我以前告诉过你的小城。</p>
<p>I’ve never been to Beijing, but it’s the place <strong>__</strong>.<br>A. where I’d like to visit<br>B. in which I’d like to visit<br>C. I most want to visit<br>D. that I want to visit it most<br>本题考查定语从句关系词的选择。这句话中尽管先行词是表示地点的名词place，但由于从句中的谓语visit缺少宾语，所以不能选A，而C才是正确答案。这里相当于省去了关系词that或which，因此原句应该是that / which I most want to visit。<br>我从未到过北京，但北京却是我最想游览的地方。</p>
<h3 id="why的用法"><a href="#why的用法" class="headerlink" title="why的用法"></a>why的用法</h3><p>why用来表示原因，只引导限制性定语从句，先行词是reason等表示原因的名词。<br>This is the reason why I didn’t come here.<br>此处的why相当于for which。<br>这就是我没来的原因。</p>
<h2 id="限制性与非限制性定语从句"><a href="#限制性与非限制性定语从句" class="headerlink" title="限制性与非限制性定语从句"></a>限制性与非限制性定语从句</h2><p>在限制性定语从句中，先行词和关系词之间不用逗号隔开，而非限制性定语从句则需要逗号隔开。</p>
<h3 id="限制性定语从句——不用逗号隔开"><a href="#限制性定语从句——不用逗号隔开" class="headerlink" title="限制性定语从句——不用逗号隔开"></a>限制性定语从句——不用逗号隔开</h3><p>限制性定语从句是用来对一个名词提供必要的信息（a defining relative clause defines or gives essential information about a noun），以说明定语从句所修饰的先行词的身份或性质，或用来限制先行词所指的范围。若去掉限制性定语从句，则主句部分的含义不明确，或意义不完整，所以不能用逗号来分隔先行词和定语从句。<br>比如“I don’t like people.”，这句话的意思不明确，句意不完整，因此其后面必须加一个限制性定语从句，才能使句意完整。比如：<br>I don’t like people who are never on time. 我不喜欢不守时的人。<br>I don’t like people who never keep their word. 我不喜欢不守信用的人。<br>以上句子黑体部分的定语从句都用来说明people的性质，是必不可少的信息，因此不能加逗号将其变为非限制性定语从句。</p>
<p>There are two factors which determine an individual’s intelligence.<br>这里若只是说“There are two factors.”，则句意不够完整，现在有了限制性定语从句which determine an individual’s intelligence来限制、修饰名词factors，就使得句意更明确。<br>决定人的智力的因素有两个。</p>
<p>He is a man who is of value to the people.<br>这里若只是说“He is a man.”，则句意不完整，现在有了限制性定语从句who is of value to the people来限制修饰名词man，就使得句意完整而明确。<br>他是一个有利于人民的人。</p>
<h3 id="非限制性定语从句——用逗号隔开"><a href="#非限制性定语从句——用逗号隔开" class="headerlink" title="非限制性定语从句——用逗号隔开"></a>非限制性定语从句——用逗号隔开</h3><p>非限制性定语从句用来提供附加的而非必要的信息，只是对先行词做进一步的解释、补充或说明（a non-defining relative clause gives optional information about a noun）。若去掉此定语从句，整个主句的意义一样很明确，不会引起误解和歧义。</p>
<h4 id="专有名词"><a href="#专有名词" class="headerlink" title="专有名词"></a>专有名词</h4><p>如果定语从句修饰一个专有名词，一般要用逗号分隔先行词与定语从句，也就是说要使用非限制性定语从句。这是因为专有名词本身的意思已经很完整，不需要限制，用定语从句只是对它进行补充说明。<br>My mother, who is 50 this year , lives with me now.<br>这里的先行词my mother就是一个专有名词，其后的定语从句who is 50 this year只能是作为非限制性的定语从句来提供附加信息，不能使用限制性定语从句。若说“My mother who is 50 this year lives with me now.”，则言外之意为“我有好几个母亲，目前和我住在一起的是今年50岁的那位母亲”。<br>我母亲今年50岁了，现在和我生活在一起。</p>
<p>I asked my mother, who is 80 , whether she’d ever seen snow in Iraq before, and her answer was no.<br>我问我已经80岁的妈妈，她以前在伊拉克是否见过雪，她回答说没见过。</p>
<p>Einstein, who was a great Jewish scientist, created the theory of relativity.<br>爱因斯坦这位伟大的犹太科学家创立了相对论。</p>
<p>Hawaii, which consists of eight principal islands, is a favorite vacation spot.<br>夏威夷包含八个主要岛屿，是一个度假胜地。</p>
<h4 id="类指名词"><a href="#类指名词" class="headerlink" title="类指名词"></a>类指名词</h4><p>普通名词若是用来表示类指，即表示的是一类事物，而非具体的某一个事物，此时，其后也宜用非限制性定语从句。<br>1） An elephant, which is the earth’s largest land mammal , has few natural enemies other than human beings.<br>2） One of the elephants which we saw at the zoo had only one tusk.<br>例句1）中的an elephant是类指或泛指，即表示“大象”这类动物，而不是指称具体的某一头大象。<br>例句2）中的one of the elephants则不是类指概念，而是具体指代某一头大象，即“我们在动物园看到的那头大象”。<br>1）大象作为陆地上体形最大的哺乳类动物，很少有天敌，除了人类之外。<br>2）我们在动物园看到有一头大象只有一颗象牙。</p>
<h3 id="用或不用逗号，句意有差别"><a href="#用或不用逗号，句意有差别" class="headerlink" title="用或不用逗号，句意有差别"></a>用或不用逗号，句意有差别</h3><p>还有一类句子，用限制性或非限制性定语从句都可以，但强调的意义不一样，即句意不同。<br>1） He has a daughter who works in a hospital.<br>2） He has a daughter, who works in a hospital.</p>
<p>1） The cab drivers who knew about the traffic jam took another road.<br>2） The cab drivers, who knew about the traffic jam, took another road.<br>例句1）的言外之意是“不知道的司机则没有换路线，只有部分司机换行驶路线了”。<br>例句2）的言外之意是“全部司机都知道，都换了行驶路线”。<br>1）知道那里堵车的出租车司机换了另一条路。<br>2）出租车司机知道那里堵车了，他们都换了另一条路。</p>
<h3 id="非限制性定语从句的翻译"><a href="#非限制性定语从句的翻译" class="headerlink" title="非限制性定语从句的翻译"></a>非限制性定语从句的翻译</h3><p>限制性定语从句一般翻译成定语的形式“……的”，而非限制性定语从句往往会译成各种状语形式。<br>The food, which wasn’t in the fridge , all went off.<br>食物都坏了，因为没有放在冰箱里。（译成原因状语从句）</p>
<p>The Ambassador gave a dinner to the scientists, with whom he especially wished to talk.<br>大使宴请了那些科学家，因为他特别想与他们交谈一下。（译成原因状语从句）</p>
<p>The people were desperate for work, any work, which could support their family.<br>人们急于找到工作，什么工作都行，只要能养家糊口。（译成条件状语从句）</p>
<p>The millionaire had another house built, which he didn’t need at all.<br>那位百万富翁又建了一幢房子，尽管他并不需要。（译成让步状语从句）</p>
<p>They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout the country.<br>起义依然声势浩大地遍布全国，尽管他们试图镇压。（译成让步状语从句）</p>
<h2 id="定语从句与同位语从句的区分"><a href="#定语从句与同位语从句的区分" class="headerlink" title="定语从句与同位语从句的区分"></a>定语从句与同位语从句的区分</h2><p>二者在结构上有相似性，都是“名词that从句”，这里的名词都称作先行词。</p>
<h3 id="从结构上区分：that是否作成分"><a href="#从结构上区分：that是否作成分" class="headerlink" title="从结构上区分：that是否作成分"></a>从结构上区分：that是否作成分</h3><p>that在定语从句中要充当成分，比如作从句的主语或宾语；而that在同位语从句中不充当任何成分，仅起连词的作用。<br>换句话说，定语从句的结构是“名词+that+不完整的句子”，而同位语从句的结构是“名词that+完整的陈述句”。<br>1） The rumor that he spread everywhere turned out to be untrue.<br>2） The rumor that Tom was a thief turned out to be untrue.<br>例句 1）中的that在从句中充当spread的宾语，故此处为定语从句。<br>例句2）中 的that在从句中不充当任何成分，因为从句“Tom was a thief”是一个完整的句子，不缺少任何成分。故其为同位语从句，作the rumor的同位语，补充说明the rumor的具体内容。<br>1）他到处散布的那个谣言，结果证明是假的。<br>2）有谣传说汤姆是小偷，结果证明是假的。</p>
<p>1） The fact that we talked about is very important.<br>2） The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.<br>例句1）中的that作talked about的宾语，故此处为定语从句。<br>例句2）中的that不充当成分，因为“he succeeded in the experiment”是一个完整的陈述句，故其为同位语从句。<br>1）我们讨论的这些情况很重要。<br>2）他的实验取得了成功，这让大家很高兴。</p>
<h3 id="从意义上区分：that引导的从句的意义不同"><a href="#从意义上区分：that引导的从句的意义不同" class="headerlink" title="从意义上区分：that引导的从句的意义不同"></a>从意义上区分：that引导的从句的意义不同</h3><p>定语从句相当于形容词, 对先行词起修饰、描述和限制的作用；同位语从句相当于一个名词，是对其前面名词内容的具体表述，二者是同位关系。<br>1） The news that you heard is not true.<br>2） The news that Lincoln was murdered at a theater is true.<br>例句1）中的定语从句that you heard并不是表示news的内容，只是在限制news所指的范围，即“你听到的那个消息”。<br>例句2）中的同位语从句that Lincoln was murdered at a theater是表示news的具体 内容，在意义上与news构成同位关系。<br>1）你听到的那个消息并不是真实的。<br>2）有消息说林肯是在一个剧院被刺杀的，这是真的。</p>
<p>1） The fact that you pointed out made me interested.<br>2） The fact that there are no lives on the moon is known to us all.<br>例句1）中的定语从句that you pointed out并不是表示fact的内容，只是在限制fact的所指范围，即“你指出的这个事实”。<br>例句2）中的同位语从句that there are no lives on the moon是表示fact的具体内容，在意义上与fact构成同位关系。<br>1）你指出的这一点，我很感兴趣。<br>2）众所周知，月球上并没有生命存在。</p>

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          <div class="post-toc motion-element"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#定语从句概述"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">定语从句概述</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#形容词作定语与从句作定语比较"><span class="nav-number">1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">形容词作定语与从句作定语比较</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#定语从句的两个重要概念：先行词和关系词"><span class="nav-number">1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">定语从句的两个重要概念：先行词和关系词</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#关系词在定语从句中充当的成分"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">关系词在定语从句中充当的成分</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#关系词用作从句的主语"><span class="nav-number">2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">关系词用作从句的主语</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#关系词用作从句中动词的宾语"><span class="nav-number">2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">关系词用作从句中动词的宾语</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#关系词用作从句中介词的宾语"><span class="nav-number">2.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">关系词用作从句中介词的宾语</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#作宾语的关系词可以省去"><span class="nav-number">2.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">作宾语的关系词可以省去</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#关系代词与先行词的搭配关系"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">关系代词与先行词的搭配关系</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#先行词指“人”，用关系代词who或whom"><span class="nav-number">3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">先行词指“人”，用关系代词who或whom</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#who和whom的区别"><span class="nav-number">3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">who和whom的区别</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#表示人或物的所有关系，用whose"><span class="nav-number">3.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">表示人或物的所有关系，用whose</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#先行词指“物”，用关系代词which"><span class="nav-number">3.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">先行词指“物”，用关系代词which</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#先行词是单个的名词"><span class="nav-number">3.4.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">先行词是单个的名词</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#先行词是一个短语"><span class="nav-number">3.4.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">先行词是一个短语</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#先行词是一个句子"><span class="nav-number">3.4.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">先行词是一个句子</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#that可以指代“人”，也可以指代“物”"><span class="nav-number">3.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">that可以指代“人”，也可以指代“物”</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#关系副词的用法"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">关系副词的用法</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#when的用法"><span class="nav-number">4.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">when的用法</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#先行词指时间"><span class="nav-number">4.1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">先行词指时间</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#关系副词when在从句中作时间状语"><span class="nav-number">4.1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">关系副词when在从句中作时间状语</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#where的用法"><span class="nav-number">4.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">where的用法</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#where的先行词指地点"><span class="nav-number">4.2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">where的先行词指地点</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#关系副词where在从句中作地点状语"><span class="nav-number">4.2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">关系副词where在从句中作地点状语</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#why的用法"><span class="nav-number">4.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">why的用法</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#限制性与非限制性定语从句"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">限制性与非限制性定语从句</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#限制性定语从句——不用逗号隔开"><span class="nav-number">5.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">限制性定语从句——不用逗号隔开</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#非限制性定语从句——用逗号隔开"><span class="nav-number">5.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">非限制性定语从句——用逗号隔开</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#专有名词"><span class="nav-number">5.2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">专有名词</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#类指名词"><span class="nav-number">5.2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">类指名词</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#用或不用逗号，句意有差别"><span class="nav-number">5.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">用或不用逗号，句意有差别</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#非限制性定语从句的翻译"><span class="nav-number">5.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">非限制性定语从句的翻译</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#定语从句与同位语从句的区分"><span class="nav-number">6.</span> <span class="nav-text">定语从句与同位语从句的区分</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#从结构上区分：that是否作成分"><span class="nav-number">6.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">从结构上区分：that是否作成分</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#从意义上区分：that引导的从句的意义不同"><span class="nav-number">6.2.</span> 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